surveillance en
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title = "You have something to hide"
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date = 2024-06-27
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description = "Surveillance, and so what? Arguments pour convaincre du danger de la surveillance généralisée."
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date = 2025-06-01
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description = "Surveillance, and so what? Why we should worry about the dangers of generalized surveillance."
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[taxonomies]
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tags = ["politics"]
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Even if you have nothing to hide, here are some reasons to worry about general surveillance.
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> This article has been translated from French using Firefox 128's offline AI translator, and manually corrected by myself.
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> This article has been translated from French using Firefox 128's offline AI translator, and manually corrected by myself. It refers to events and structures known to a French audience but instances of such phenomena should be found in other countries as well.
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## Illegal police experimentation is future law
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@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ It is common for illegal or derogatory security experiments, often alleged to be
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## Give the police the hand, they pull your arms out
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When the police receive a new toy with a certain legal framework, they allow themselves to extend it excessively. For example, the French <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_national_automatis%C3%A9_des_empreintes_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tiques" target="_blank">FNAEG</a> (national automated genetic file) was intended to identify sexual offenders and murderers who could reoffend, but in 2021 contained the DNA profiles of more than 7.5% of the French population.
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When the police receive a new toy with a certain legal framework, they allow themselves to extend it excessively. For example, the French [FNAEG](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_national_automatis%C3%A9_des_empreintes_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tiques) (national automated genetic file) was intended to identify sexual offenders and murderers who could reoffend, but in 2021 contained the DNA profiles of more than 7.5% of the French population.
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## Incompetent decision-makers
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@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Politicians, too, are victims of a dangerous inculture of computer science, whic
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## It's for our safety
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Every opportunity is good to add cameras and artificial intelligence. The executive generally justifies itself in a very confused manner, claiming that these measures would have avoided a particular accident. This response is mostly disproportionate, inadequate and ineffective, while simpler solutions exist. See the <a href="https://www.laquadrature.net/2023/03/21/fiasco-du-stade-de-france-la-vsa-ne-masquera-pas-les-echecs-du-maintien-de-lordre/">2022 French Stadium fiasco</a> which is an example of crowd mismanagement, instrumentalized to promote algorithmic video surveillance. See also <a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=mhLKT4D2YvI">how this type of problem can be avoided (videos by Fouloscopie, French)</a> (spoiler: without AI or video surveillance).
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Every opportunity is good to add cameras and artificial intelligence. The executive generally justifies itself in a very confused manner, claiming that these measures would have avoided a particular accident. This response is mostly disproportionate, inadequate and ineffective, while simpler solutions exist. See the [2022 French Stadium fiasco](https://www.laquadrature.net/2023/03/21/fiasco-du-stade-de-france-la-vsa-ne-masquera-pas-les-echecs-du-maintien-de-lordre/) which is an example of crowd mismanagement, instrumentalized to promote algorithmic video surveillance. See also [how this type of problem can be avoided (videos by Fouloscopie, French)](https://youtube.com/watch?v=mhLKT4D2YvI) (spoiler: without AI or video surveillance).
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## Child molesters and terrorists as a scarecrow
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@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ How can there be a rule of law if one is suspected of all, presumed guilty until
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In the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789:
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Article X: No one shall be disturbed for their opinions, even religious ones, provided that their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law.
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Article XI: The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the most precious rights of Man: every citizen can therefore speak, write, print freely, except to be held accountable for the abuse of this freedom, in cases determined by the law.
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> Article X: No one shall be disturbed for their opinions, even religious ones, provided that their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law.
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>
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> Article XI: The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the most precious rights of Man: every citizen can therefore speak, write, print freely, except to be held accountable for the abuse of this freedom, in cases determined by the law.
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Privacy must be a fundamental individual right, and is necessary for freedom of thought. The French government claims that "democracy is lived with the face uncovered", but this is an unfortunate conflation between private and public life: absolute transparency is required for state affairs, but individuals must enjoy sufficient confidentiality. We observe the opposite situation, with a state that wants to know everything about its people, without revealing anything to it.
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@ -60,65 +60,65 @@ Many decisions leading directly to more surveillance (through investment in surv
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In particular, the ["open-bar" contract between Microsoft and the French Éducation Nationale](https://www.anticor.org/affaires-anticor/affaire-education-nationale-microsoft/) makes it possible to engrave the Windows monopoly in the brains of schoolchildren. If all your interactions with computers are through Microsoft tools (at school, at home, at work), these tools will be familiar to you and so you'll probably go and look for them specifically, even if there are alternatives. Is that your choice? Not really, since Windows is installed in schools without consultation and without presentation of alternatives.
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## Capitalisme
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## Capitalism
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La surveillance génère beaucoup de données qui sont revendues à des fins publicitaires, ce qui représente une part importante du chiffre d'affaires des GAFAM, en plus d'alimenter une finance morbide à base d'enchères sur la probabilité que telle ou telle publicité vous pousse tôt ou tard à l'achat. Participer à cela, c'est encourager une gigantesque économie parfaitement improductive.
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Monitoring generates a lot of data that is resold for advertising purposes, which represents a significant part of the Big Tech's turnover, in addition to feeding a morbid finance based on auctions on the probability that this or that advertiser is driving you to buy sooner or later. To participate in this is to encourage a gigantic economy that is perfectly unproductive.
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Faites un tour sur les blogs [Affordance](https://affordance.framasoft.org/) (en français) ou [Pluralistic](https://pluralistic.net/) (en anglais) pour découvrir à quel point la surveillance de masse joue un rôle central dans le capitalisme aujourd'hui. Le marché de la surveillance est aussi [lucratif grâce au gouvernement et aux collectivités](https://www.laquadrature.net/2024/01/26/vsa-et-jeux-olympiques-coup-denvoi-pour-les-entreprises-de-surveillance/).
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Take a tour of [Affordance](https://affordance.framasoft.org/) (in French) or [Pluralistic](https://pluralistic.net/) (in English) blogs to find out how mass surveillance plays a central role in capitalism today. The surveillance market is also profitable through government and communities.
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## Écologie
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## Environment
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Effacer vos courriels pour économiser un pouïème de disque dur est tout à fait négligeable devant la quantité de données qu'un grand nombre d'entreprises et d'institutions (celles que vous connaissez, mais aussi leurs prestataires, les intermédiaires gérant les supports de communication, ceux qui les ont piratées, etc.) conservent sur vous, sans compter tout ce qui s'échange entre on ne sait combien de serveurs à chaque affichage d'une publicité, dont l'emplacement est mis aux [enchères en temps réel](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Time_Bidding) entre les annonceurs.
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Clearing your emails to save a few gigabytes is quite negligible compared to the amount of data that a large number of companies and institutions (the ones you know, but also their service providers, the intermediaries managing the communication media, and maybe the pirates who hacked them, etc.) keep on you, not to mention everything that is exchanged between who knows how many servers each time an advertisement is displayed using [Real-Time Bidding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_bidding).
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[Vidéo de Monsieur Bidouille : Internet et le climat, ça tourne mal ?](https://video.monsieurbidouille.fr/w/oR4oaZT8pNhKyoQNQiHZiR) (quel est l'impact environnemental d'Internet, et d'où vient-il réellement ?)
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[Mr. Bidouille's video: Internet and climate, it goes wrong?](https://video.monsieurbidouille.fr/w/oR4oaZT8pNhKyoQNQiHZiR) (What is the environmental impact of the Internet, and where does it actually come from?) (in French)
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## Biais et discriminations
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## Bias and discrimination
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La surveillance de masse générant d'énormes quantités de données, des algorithmes sont utilisés pour déterminer les événements et individus plus ou moins suspects. Ces algorithmes doivent être paramétrés, qu'ils soient un [calcul de score effectué par la CAF](https://www.laquadrature.net/2022/10/19/caf-le-numerique-au-service-de-lexclusion-et-du-harcelement-des-plus-precaires/) pour décider qui doit subir un contrôle, ou une [vidéosurveillance "intelligente" dans un lieu public](https://affordance.framasoft.org/2018/12/speculation-faciale/). Ils sont toujours plus ou moins biaisés, en général en défaveur des minorités (personnes racisées, pauvres, et dans le cas de la CAF, les mères seules). Cela ne fait qu'amplifier les préjugés déjà présents chez les autorités, et renforce une norme sociale qu'on ne discute plus, puisque l'Algorithme est souvent présenté à tort comme neutre et objectif. Il n'est pourtant qu'un outil, qui comme tout outil aussi neutre qu'on le veuille, reflète dans son utilisation l'idéologie de ses concepteurs.
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With mass surveillance generating huge amounts of data, algorithms are used to determine which events and individuals should be considered suspicious. These algorithms must be tuned, whether they are a [score calculation performed by a social care system](https://www.laquadrature.net/en/2023/06/07/family-branch-of-the-french-welfare-system-technology-in-the-service-of-exclusion-and-harassment-of-the-most-vulnerable/) in order to decide who must undergo a check, or a ["smart" video surveillance in a public place](https://theintercept.com/2018/09/06/nypd-surveillance-camera-skin-tone-search/). They are always [more or less biased](https://theoutline.com/post/4635/a-new-ethnicity-recognition-tool-is-just-automated-racial-profiling), usually to the detriment of racial minorities and the poor. This only magnifies the prejudices already present among the authorities, and reinforces a social norm that is no longer discussed, since the algorithm is often misrepresented as neutral and objective. Yet it is only a tool, which always reflects in its use the ideology of its designers.
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## Et si l'extrême-droite arrivait au pouvoir ?
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## What if the far right came to power?
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Si un dirigeant fasciste arrivait au pouvoir, il lui serait aisé de déterminer les personnes trop incompatibles avec son idéologie, en utilisant les données déjà accumulées par l'état et par les entreprises (qui collaboreraient volontiers). Vous avez un jour participé à une manifestation un peu trop de gauche, vous avez aidé une personne migrante sans papiers il y a des années, vous avez dit quelque chose d'hérétique dont vous ne vous souvenez même pas ? Un datacenter, quelque part, s'en souvient, et nul ne peut garantir l'application de votre droit à l'oubli.
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If a fascist leader came to power, it would be easy for them to determine who was too incompatible with the official ideology, using the data already accumulated by the state and by corporations (which would willingly collaborate). You once took part in a demonstration, you helped an undocumented migrant years ago, you said something heretical that you don't even remember? A datacenter, somewhere, remembers, and no one can guarantee the effectiveness of your right to be forgotten.
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L'occupation nazie avait un système de fichage qui a bien servi dans la répression de la résistance et l'organisation des rafles, etc. À la libération, les méfaits d'un tel fichage étaient évidents. La CNIL (organisme public à l'origine indépendant et compétent, censé défendre les libertés individuelles dans le domaine de l'informatique) a rappelé cela plus tard et a empêché la création de fichiers particulièrement intrusifs. Aujourd'hui la CNIL n'est plus que consultative et le fascisme semble si loin, qu'on oublie la ressemblance entre la surveillance d'aujourd'hui et celle de la Gestapo, du KGB ou de la RDA.
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The Nazi occupation had a system of registration that served well in the repression of resistance and the organization of roundups, etc. At the time of liberation, the dangers of such a record system were obvious. The French CNIL (_Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés_, originally an independent and powerful public body, supposed to defend individual freedoms in the field of information technology) later recalled this and prevented the creation of particularly intrusive files. Today the CNIL is no more than consultative, and fascism seems so far away that we tend to forget the similarity between today's surveillance and that of the Gestapo, the KGB or the GDR.
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## Effets de la surveillance sur le comportement
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## Effects of monitoring on behaviour
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Agit-on de la même manière quand on sait être surveillé ? Peut-être s'empêche-t-on de faire des choses un peu trop déviantes, ou même d'y penser. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20230127-how-worker-surveillance-is-backfiring-on-employers" target="_blank">La surveillance au travail se révèle source d'anxiété chez les travailleureuses, et diminue même la productivité.</a>
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Do we acts the same when we know we're being monitored? Maybe we'll prevent ourselves from doing things that may look a bit deviant, or even from thinking about them. [Work surveillance is a source of anxiety among workers, and even reduces productivity.](https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20230127-how-worker-surveillance-is-backfiring-on-employers)
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La vidéosurveillance est aussi utilisée pour entraîner des IA à détecter les "comportements anormaux". Le but est que le système automatique puisse prévenir la police, par exemple. Cela risque de créer une sorte de nouveau délit de faciès, en rendant suspect tout ce qui dévie un peu trop d'un comportement ou d'une apparence "normal".
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Video surveillance is also used to train AI to detect "abnormal behaviours". The aim is for the automatic system to be able to alert the police, for example. Like racial profiling creates the crime of being the wrong color, this "normality profiling" may create a new kind of crime, making any thing that deviates a little too much from "normal" behavior or appearance suspicious.
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## Effet de groupe
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## Group effect
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Un système de communication n'a d'intérêt que s'il est partagé. Si votre entourage utilise telle plateforme centralisée de messagerie, vous êtes fortement encouragé·e voire forcé·e à y adhérer pour éviter de vous isoler. Les grandes plateformes profitent de cet effet de groupe et de son inertie qui limite le développement des plateformes alternatives.
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A communication system is of interest only if it is shared. If your entourage uses some centralized messaging platform, you are strongly encouraged or even forced to join it to avoid isolating yourself. Large platforms benefit from this group effect and its inertia, which limits the development of alternative platforms.
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Un moyen de lutte pour la diversification des plateformes de communication est l'obligation à l'interopérabilité. Par exemple, un grand média social devrait accepter que ses utilisateurices interagissent avec des gens qui ont seulement un compte sur une plateforme concurrente quelle qu'elle soit. Bien entendu, les géants préfèrent garder leur clientèle captive.
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One way of fighting for the diversification of communication platforms is the obligation to interoperability. For example, a large social media should accept that its users interact with people who only have an account on any competing platform. Of course, the Big Tech prefer to keep their customers captive.
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## Victimes directes
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## Direct victims
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Pour la plupart d'entre nous, ces arguments peuvent sembler abstraits et manquer de pertinence au niveau individuel. Cependant il existe des cas où les effets de la surveillance sont non seulement systémiques mais bien visibles et ciblés.
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For most of us, these arguments may seem abstract and lack relevance at the individual level. However, there are cases where the effects of monitoring are not only systemic but actually visible and targeted.
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Certaines personnes ont un besoin accru de protéger leur vie privée face aux autorités. On prendra les exemples de [femmes cherchant à avorter dans un pays qui l'interdit (USA)](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/10/facebook-user-data-abortion-nebraska-police), de journalistes d'investigation et de lanceurs d'alerte, des LGBTQ en Russie ou en Turquie... Même avec une grande rigueur sur leur usage personnel de l'informatique, ces personnes sont exposées involontairement par les autres, et victimes de l'effet de groupe. C'est à nous de leur fournir un environnement sûr, à la manière d'une couverture vaccinale qui protège non seulement les personnes vaccinées, mais aussi une minorité à risque.
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Some people have an increased need to protect their privacy from the authorities. For example [women seeking to abort in a country that prohibits it](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/10/facebook-user-data-abortion-nebraska-police) (some states in the USA), investigative journalists and whistleblowers, LGBTQ in Russia or Turkey... Even with great rigour in their personal use of information technology, they are unwittingly exposed by others and victims of the group effect. It is up to us to provide them with a safe environment, in the manner of vaccination coverage that protects not only the people who are vaccinated, but also a minority at risk.
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## Verrouillage
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## Locking
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Imaginez un monde à la 1984 d'Orwell, où tout serait mis en œuvre pour limiter la pensée dissidente, étouffer le moindre début de révolte, diluer les responsabilités, entretenir un confusionnisme idéologique, décourager la "déviance", encourager la délation... Dans un tel monde, pourrait-on imaginer une révolution ? Comment des travailleurs pourraient acquérir la culture politique nécessaire, s'organiser en activistes ou en militants, unir des milliers de camarades, etc. si la police scrute toutes les communications privées ?
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Imagine a world like in Orwell's 1984, where everything would be done to limit dissenting thinking, stifle the slightest beginning of uprising, dilute responsibilities, maintain ideological confusionism, discourage "deviance", encourage denunciation... In such a world, could one imagine a revolution? How could workers acquire the necessary political culture, organize themselves into activists, unite thousands of comrades, etc. if the police scrutinize all the private communications?
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## Il n'est pas trop tard
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## It's not too late
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Internet est un formidable outil qui permet au peuple de communiquer et de s'organiser de manière décentralisée. Tout le monde a accès gratuitement et librement à la plus grande encyclopédie (Wikipédia), à la plus complète carte du monde (OpenStreetMap), aux articles scientifiques, à la presse internationale, peut envoyer instantanément des messages à des habitants du monde entier. C'est une situation nouvelle dans l'histoire de la civilisation, et on peut supposer que la possession de ces outils aurait changé le cours de toutes les révolutions passées.
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The Internet is a great tool that enables the people to communicate and organize themselves in a decentralized manner. Everyone has free access to the largest encyclopedia (Wikipedia), the most complete map in the world (OpenStreetMap), scientific articles, international press, can instantly send messages to people around the world. It is a new situation in the history of civilization, and it can be assumed that the possession of these tools would have changed the course of all past revolutions.
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**Que faire ?** Le plus simple est de commencer par changer son utilisation individuelle de l'informatique, en commençant par [un passage au logiciel libre](https://degooglisons-internet.org/fr/). Les communautées autour de ces projets recouvrent des intérêts et compétences très variés qu'on peut découvrir naturellement en étant utilisateur.
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What to do? The easiest way is to start by changing its individual use of computing, starting with a [shift to free software](https://degooglisons-internet.org/en/) (_free_ as in _freedom_). The communities around these projects cover a wide range of interests and skills that can be discovered naturally by being a user.
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## Ressources utiles
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## Useful resources
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Quelques ressources transversales et sources récurrentes de cet article :
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Some cross-cutting resources and recurrent sources of this article:
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* [La Quadrature du Net](https://www.laquadrature.net/), association contre la surveillance et la censure.
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* [April](https://april.org/), association pour les libertés informatiques.
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* [Affordance](https://affordance.framasoft.org/), le blog d'un maître de conférences en sciences de l'information.
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* [Pluralistic](https://pluralistic.net/), le blog de Cory Doctorow entre autres sur les dérives du capitalisme.
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* [Next](https://next.ink/) (anciennement NextInpact), journal indépendant sur l'informatique.
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* [Sebsauvage : raisons techniques, économiques et politiques (passées et présentes) de ne plus faire confiance à Microsoft.](https://sebsauvage.net/wiki/doku.php?id=microsoft)
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* [Rien à cacher](https://framatube.org/videos/watch/46242da5-344c-49a1-b4cf-54d6f6210d34) (chanson)
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* [Rien à cacher](https://peertube.cpy.re/w/d2a5ec78-5f85-4090-8ec5-dc1102e022ea) (documentaire, VOSTFR)
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* [La Quadrature du Net](https://www.laquadrature.net/), an association against surveillance and censorship.
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* [April](https://april.org/), an association for freedoms in information technology.
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* [Affordance](https://affordance.framasoft.org/), the blog of a lecturer in information science.
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* [Pluralistic](https://pluralistic.net/), Cory Doctorow's blog about capitalism's drifts.
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* [Next](https://next.ink/) (formerly NextInpact), an independent journal about politics and information technology.
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* [Sebsauvage : technical, economic and political reasons (past and present) to no longer trust Microsoft.](https://sebsauvage.net/wiki/doku.php?id=microsoft)
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* [Nothing to Hide](https://framatube.org/videos/watch/46242da5-344c-49a1-b4cf-54d6f6210d34) (song, French)
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* [Nothing to Hide](https://peertube.cpy.re/w/d2a5ec78-5f85-4090-8ec5-dc1102e022ea) (documentary, English)
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