diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f72eeb6..ba57530 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ of the SPI implementation.  It must be set up to work as the W5500 chip requires
 * Clock Phase: Sample leading edge
 * Clock speed: 33MHz maximum
 
+Initialization and usage of owned `Device`:
 ```rust
     let mut spi = ...; // SPI interface to use
     let mut cs : OutputPin = ...; // chip select
@@ -40,14 +41,38 @@ of the SPI implementation.  It must be set up to work as the W5500 chip requires
                     Ipv4Addr::new(192, 168, 86, 79),
                     Mode::default()
             ).unwrap();
+
     let socket = device.socket();
     socket.connect(
         SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(192, 168, 86, 38)), 8000),
     ).unwrap();
     block!(interface.send(&mut socket, &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111, 10]));
-    interface.close(socket);
+    device.close(socket);
+
+    // optional
+    let (spi_bus, inactive_device) = device.deactivate();
 ```
 
+Usage of borrowed SPI-Bus and previously initialized `Device`:
+```rust
+    let mut spi = ...; // SPI interface to use
+    let mut cs: OutputPin = ...; // chip select
+
+    let mut device: Option<InactiveDevice<..>> = ...; // maybe: previously initialized device
+    let mut socket: Option<Socket> = ...; // maybe: previously opened socket
+    
+    if let (Some(socket), Some(device)) = (socket.as_mut(), device.as_mut()) {
+        let mut buffer = [0u8; 1024];
+        match device
+            // scoped activation & usage of the SPI bus without move
+            .activate_ref(&mut FourWireRef::new(&mut spi, &mut cs))
+            .receive(socket, &mut buffer)
+        {
+            Ok(..) => todo!(),
+            Err(..) => todo!(),
+        }
+    }
+```
 ## Todo
 
 In no particular order, things to do to improve this driver.
diff --git a/src/device.rs b/src/device.rs
index c1fd47b..f3b9e14 100644
--- a/src/device.rs
+++ b/src/device.rs
@@ -8,12 +8,6 @@ use crate::socket::Socket;
 use crate::uninitialized_device::UninitializedDevice;
 use crate::{register, MacAddress};
 
-pub struct Device<SpiBus: Bus, HostImpl: Host> {
-    pub bus: SpiBus,
-    host: HostImpl,
-    sockets: [u8; 1],
-}
-
 pub enum ResetError<E> {
     SocketsNotReleased,
     Other(E),
@@ -25,17 +19,29 @@ impl<E> From<E> for ResetError<E> {
     }
 }
 
+pub(crate) struct DeviceState<HostImpl: Host> {
+    host: HostImpl,
+    sockets: [u8; 1],
+}
+
+pub struct Device<SpiBus: Bus, HostImpl: Host> {
+    bus: SpiBus,
+    state: DeviceState<HostImpl>,
+}
+
 impl<SpiBus: Bus, HostImpl: Host> Device<SpiBus, HostImpl> {
     pub(crate) fn new(bus: SpiBus, host: HostImpl) -> Self {
         Device {
             bus,
-            host,
-            sockets: [0b11111111],
+            state: DeviceState {
+                host,
+                sockets: [0b11111111],
+            },
         }
     }
 
     pub fn reset(mut self) -> Result<UninitializedDevice<SpiBus>, ResetError<SpiBus::Error>> {
-        if self.sockets != [0b11111111] {
+        if self.state.sockets != [0b11111111] {
             Err(ResetError::SocketsNotReleased)
         } else {
             self.clear_mode()?;
@@ -51,17 +57,105 @@ impl<SpiBus: Bus, HostImpl: Host> Device<SpiBus, HostImpl> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn take_socket(&mut self) -> Option<Socket> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn gateway(&mut self) -> Result<Ipv4Addr, SpiBus::Error> {
+        self.as_mut().gateway()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn subnet_mask(&mut self) -> Result<Ipv4Addr, SpiBus::Error> {
+        self.as_mut().subnet_mask()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn mac(&mut self) -> Result<MacAddress, SpiBus::Error> {
+        self.as_mut().mac()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn ip(&mut self) -> Result<Ipv4Addr, SpiBus::Error> {
+        self.as_mut().ip()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn phy_config(&mut self) -> Result<register::common::PhyConfig, SpiBus::Error> {
+        self.as_mut().phy_config()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn version(&mut self) -> Result<u8, SpiBus::Error> {
+        self.as_mut().version()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn as_mut(&mut self) -> DeviceRefMut<'_, SpiBus, HostImpl> {
+        DeviceRefMut {
+            bus: &mut self.bus,
+            state: &mut self.state,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn release(self) -> (SpiBus, HostImpl) {
+        (self.bus, self.state.host)
+    }
+
+    pub fn deactivate(self) -> (SpiBus, InactiveDevice<HostImpl>) {
+        (self.bus, InactiveDevice(self.state))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, SpiBus: Bus, HostImpl: Host> From<&'a mut Device<SpiBus, HostImpl>>
+    for DeviceRefMut<'a, SpiBus, HostImpl>
+{
+    fn from(device: &'a mut Device<SpiBus, HostImpl>) -> Self {
+        DeviceRefMut {
+            bus: &mut device.bus,
+            state: &mut device.state,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct InactiveDevice<HostImpl: Host>(DeviceState<HostImpl>);
+
+impl<HostImpl: Host> InactiveDevice<HostImpl> {
+    /// Activates the device by ownership
+    pub fn activate<SpiBus: Bus>(self, bus: SpiBus) -> Device<SpiBus, HostImpl> {
+        Device { bus, state: self.0 }
+    }
+
+    /// Activates the device by borrowing
+    pub fn activate_ref<'a, SpiBus: Bus>(
+        &'a mut self,
+        bus: &'a mut SpiBus,
+    ) -> DeviceRefMut<'a, SpiBus, HostImpl> {
+        DeviceRefMut {
+            bus,
+            state: &mut self.0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct DeviceRefMut<'a, SpiBus: Bus, HostImpl: Host> {
+    pub(crate) bus: &'a mut SpiBus,
+    state: &'a mut DeviceState<HostImpl>,
+}
+
+impl<SpiBus: Bus, HostImpl: Host> DeviceRefMut<'_, SpiBus, HostImpl> {
+    pub fn take_socket(&mut self) -> Option<Socket> {
         // TODO maybe return Future that resolves when release_socket invoked
         for index in 0..8 {
-            if self.sockets.get_bit(index) {
-                self.sockets.set_bit(index, false);
+            if self.state.sockets.get_bit(index) {
+                self.state.sockets.set_bit(index, false);
                 return Some(Socket::new(index as u8));
             }
         }
         None
     }
 
+    pub fn release_socket(&mut self, socket: Socket) {
+        self.state.sockets.set_bit(socket.index.into(), true);
+    }
+
     pub fn gateway(&mut self) -> Result<Ipv4Addr, SpiBus::Error> {
         let mut octets = [0u8; 4];
         self.bus
@@ -103,37 +197,4 @@ impl<SpiBus: Bus, HostImpl: Host> Device<SpiBus, HostImpl> {
             .read_frame(register::COMMON, register::common::VERSION, &mut version)?;
         Ok(version[0])
     }
-
-    pub(crate) fn release_socket(&mut self, socket: Socket) {
-        self.sockets.set_bit(socket.index.into(), true);
-    }
-
-    pub fn release(self) -> (SpiBus, HostImpl) {
-        (self.bus, self.host)
-    }
-
-    pub fn deactivate(self) -> (SpiBus, InactiveDevice<HostImpl>) {
-        (
-            self.bus,
-            InactiveDevice {
-                host: self.host,
-                sockets: self.sockets,
-            },
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct InactiveDevice<HostImpl: Host> {
-    host: HostImpl,
-    sockets: [u8; 1],
-}
-
-impl<HostImpl: Host> InactiveDevice<HostImpl> {
-    pub fn activate<SpiBus: Bus>(self, bus: SpiBus) -> Device<SpiBus, HostImpl> {
-        Device {
-            bus,
-            host: self.host,
-            sockets: self.sockets,
-        }
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/udp.rs b/src/udp.rs
index 5008e22..8b1d9b7 100644
--- a/src/udp.rs
+++ b/src/udp.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::bus::Bus;
-use crate::device::Device;
+use crate::device::{Device, DeviceRefMut};
 use crate::host::Host;
 use crate::register::socketn;
 use crate::socket::Socket;
@@ -184,6 +184,48 @@ where
     type UdpSocket = UdpSocket;
     type Error = UdpSocketError<SpiBus::Error>;
 
+    #[inline]
+    fn socket(&mut self) -> Result<Self::UdpSocket, Self::Error> {
+        self.as_mut().socket()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn connect(
+        &mut self,
+        socket: &mut Self::UdpSocket,
+        remote: SocketAddr,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.as_mut().connect(socket, remote)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn send(&mut self, socket: &mut Self::UdpSocket, buffer: &[u8]) -> nb::Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.as_mut().send(socket, buffer)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn receive(
+        &mut self,
+        socket: &mut Self::UdpSocket,
+        buffer: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> nb::Result<(usize, SocketAddr), Self::Error> {
+        self.as_mut().receive(socket, buffer)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn close(&mut self, socket: Self::UdpSocket) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.as_mut().close(socket)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<SpiBus, HostImpl> UdpClientStack for DeviceRefMut<'_, SpiBus, HostImpl>
+where
+    SpiBus: Bus,
+    HostImpl: Host,
+{
+    type UdpSocket = UdpSocket;
+    type Error = UdpSocketError<SpiBus::Error>;
+
     fn socket(&mut self) -> Result<Self::UdpSocket, Self::Error> {
         if let Some(socket) = self.take_socket() {
             Ok(UdpSocket::new(socket))
@@ -199,27 +241,30 @@ where
     ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
         if let SocketAddr::V4(remote) = remote {
             // TODO dynamically select a random port
-            socket.open(&mut self.bus, 49849 + u16::from(socket.socket.index))?; // chosen by fair dice roll.
-                                                                                 // guaranteed to be random.
-            socket.set_destination(&mut self.bus, remote)?;
+            socket.open(&mut *self.bus, 49849 + u16::from(socket.socket.index))?; // chosen by fair dice roll.
+                                                                                  // guaranteed to be random.
+            socket.set_destination(self.bus, remote)?;
             Ok(())
         } else {
             Err(Self::Error::UnsupportedAddress)
         }
     }
+
     fn send(&mut self, socket: &mut Self::UdpSocket, buffer: &[u8]) -> nb::Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        socket.send(&mut self.bus, buffer)?;
+        socket.send(self.bus, buffer)?;
         Ok(())
     }
+
     fn receive(
         &mut self,
         socket: &mut Self::UdpSocket,
         buffer: &mut [u8],
     ) -> nb::Result<(usize, SocketAddr), Self::Error> {
-        Ok(socket.receive(&mut self.bus, buffer)?)
+        Ok(socket.receive(self.bus, buffer)?)
     }
+
     fn close(&mut self, socket: Self::UdpSocket) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        socket.close(&mut self.bus)?;
+        socket.close(self.bus)?;
         self.release_socket(socket.socket);
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -230,10 +275,32 @@ where
     SpiBus: Bus,
     HostImpl: Host,
 {
+    #[inline]
     fn bind(&mut self, socket: &mut Self::UdpSocket, local_port: u16) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        socket.open(&mut self.bus, local_port)?;
+        self.as_mut().bind(socket, local_port)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn send_to(
+        &mut self,
+        socket: &mut Self::UdpSocket,
+        remote: SocketAddr,
+        buffer: &[u8],
+    ) -> nb::Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.as_mut().send_to(socket, remote, buffer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<SpiBus, HostImpl> UdpFullStack for DeviceRefMut<'_, SpiBus, HostImpl>
+where
+    SpiBus: Bus,
+    HostImpl: Host,
+{
+    fn bind(&mut self, socket: &mut Self::UdpSocket, local_port: u16) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        socket.open(self.bus, local_port)?;
         Ok(())
     }
+
     fn send_to(
         &mut self,
         socket: &mut Self::UdpSocket,
@@ -241,7 +308,7 @@ where
         buffer: &[u8],
     ) -> nb::Result<(), Self::Error> {
         if let SocketAddr::V4(remote) = remote {
-            socket.send_to(&mut self.bus, remote, buffer)?;
+            socket.send_to(self.bus, remote, buffer)?;
             Ok(())
         } else {
             Err(nb::Error::Other(Self::Error::UnsupportedAddress))