427 lines
24 KiB
HTML
427 lines
24 KiB
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</style>
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</head>
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<body>
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<header id="title-block-header">
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<h1 class="title">Tutoriel Python</h1>
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</header>
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<h1 id="tutoriel-python">Tutoriel Python</h1>
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<h2 id="terminal">Terminal</h2>
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<p>Ouvrir un terminal : CTRL+ALT+T ou le bouton noir en bas de
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l’écran.</p>
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<p>Commandes :</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>ls</code> : <strong>l</strong>i<strong>s</strong>ter les
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fichiers et dossiers</li>
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<li><code>cd mondossier</code> : <strong>c</strong>hanger de
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<strong>d</strong>ossier</li>
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<li><code>cd ..</code> : aller dans le dossier parent</li>
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<li><code>mkdir mondossier</code> : créer le dossier</li>
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<li><code>python3 monfichier.py</code> : lancer le fichier Python</li>
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<li><code>mv ancien nouveau</code> : déplacer ou renommer un fichier ou
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dossier</li>
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<li><code>cp ancien nouveau</code> : copier un fichier</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Raccourcis clavier :</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>CTRL+C</code> : arrêter la commande</li>
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<li><code>Tab</code> : compléter automatiquement le nom de fichier</li>
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<li>flèche haut/bas : historique des commandes</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="valeurs-variables-affichage">Valeurs, variables, affichage</h2>
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<p>Afficher des valeurs avec <code>print</code> :</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="dv">42</span>)</span>
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<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="dv">20</span>, <span class="dv">30</span>)</span>
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<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"On peut écrire du texte."</span>)</span>
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<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Voici un nombre :"</span>, <span class="dv">123</span>, <span class="st">"."</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
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<p>Utiliser des variables :</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>annee <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">2025</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Nous sommes en"</span>, annee)</span></code></pre></div>
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<p>Faire des calculs :</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>annee <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">2025</span></span>
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<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>futur <span class="op">=</span> annee <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">10</span></span>
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<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Dans 10 ans, nous serons en"</span>, futur)</span>
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<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>futur <span class="op">=</span> futur <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">5</span></span>
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<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Dans 15 ans, nous serons en"</span>, futur)</span></code></pre></div>
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<p>Il y a d’autres opérateurs :</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>+</code> : addition</li>
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<li><code>-</code> : soustraction</li>
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<li><code>*</code> : multiplication</li>
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<li><code>/</code> : division</li>
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<li><code>%</code> : modulo (reste de la division)</li>
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<li><code>**</code> : puissance</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="faire-des-choix">Faire des choix</h2>
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<p>Si (if) une valeur est vraie, alors je fais quelque chose :</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> <span class="va">True</span>:</span>
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<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"True signifie vrai"</span>)</span>
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<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Donc ce code est toujours exécuté"</span>)</span>
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<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> <span class="va">False</span>:</span>
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<span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"False signifie faux"</span>)</span>
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<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Donc ce code n'est jamais exécuté"</span>)</span>
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<span id="cb4-7"><a href="#cb4-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
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<span id="cb4-8"><a href="#cb4-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>prix <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">150</span></span>
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<span id="cb4-9"><a href="#cb4-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> prix <span class="op">></span> <span class="dv">100</span>:</span>
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<span id="cb4-10"><a href="#cb4-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"C'est trop cher !"</span>)</span>
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<span id="cb4-11"><a href="#cb4-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> prix <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">100</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<p>Il y a d’autres comparateurs :</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>==</code> : égal</li>
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<li><code>!=</code> : différent</li>
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<li><code><</code> : inférieur</li>
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<li><code>></code> : supérieur</li>
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<li><code><=</code> : inférieur ou égal</li>
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<li><code>>=</code> : supérieur ou égal</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Sinon (else), je fais autre chose :</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> <span class="dv">6</span><span class="op">*</span><span class="dv">7</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="dv">42</span>:</span>
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<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"bien !"</span>)</span>
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<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">else</span>:</span>
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<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"oups"</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
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<p>On peut aussi enchaîner plusieurs else if :</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> nombre <span class="op">></span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
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<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"le nombre est strictement positif"</span>)</span>
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<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">elif</span> nombre <span class="op"><</span> <span class="dv">0</span>:</span>
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<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"le nombre est strictement négatif"</span>)</span>
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<span id="cb6-5"><a href="#cb6-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">else</span>:</span>
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<span id="cb6-6"><a href="#cb6-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"le nombre est nul"</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
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<h2 id="boucle-for">Boucle for</h2>
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<p>On peut exécuter un code un nombre donné de fois :</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Je vais compter de 0 à 9 !"</span>)</span>
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<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> i <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>):</span>
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<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(i)</span>
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<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
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<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Je vais compter de 1 à 10 !"</span>)</span>
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<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> i <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">11</span>):</span>
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<span id="cb7-7"><a href="#cb7-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(i)</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h2 id="listes">Listes</h2>
|
||
<p>Une liste est plusieurs valeurs entre crochets.</p>
|
||
<p>On peut ajouter un élément à la fin avec <code>append</code>, et
|
||
coller deux listes avec <code>+</code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>fruits <span class="op">=</span> []</span>
|
||
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"C'est vide :"</span>, fruits)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>fruits.append(<span class="st">"pomme"</span>)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>fruits.append(<span class="st">"kiwi"</span>)</span>
|
||
<span id="cb8-5"><a href="#cb8-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>fruits <span class="op">=</span> fruits <span class="op">+</span> [<span class="st">"abricot"</span>, <span class="st">"orange"</span>]</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>La boucle <code>for</code> exécute un code pour chaque élément de la
|
||
liste, dans l’ordre.</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> fruit <span class="kw">in</span> fruits:</span>
|
||
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Ceci est un fruit :"</span>, fruit)</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>On peut lire un élément donné du tableau (la numérotation commence à
|
||
0) :</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">file</span> <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="st">"Toto"</span>, <span class="st">"Titi"</span>, <span class="st">"Tata"</span>, <span class="st">"Tutu"</span>]</span>
|
||
<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"La deuxième personne dans la file est"</span>, <span class="bu">file</span>[<span class="dv">1</span>])</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>On peut changer la valeur d’un élément de la liste :</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">file</span>[<span class="dv">2</span>] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Anne Onyme"</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>On peut aussi faire des listes de listes :</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>stock <span class="op">=</span> [</span>
|
||
<span id="cb12-2"><a href="#cb12-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [<span class="st">"patates"</span>, <span class="dv">52</span>],</span>
|
||
<span id="cb12-3"><a href="#cb12-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [<span class="st">"poireaux"</span>, <span class="dv">20</span>],</span>
|
||
<span id="cb12-4"><a href="#cb12-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [<span class="st">"carottes"</span>, <span class="dv">40</span>]</span>
|
||
<span id="cb12-5"><a href="#cb12-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>]</span>
|
||
<span id="cb12-6"><a href="#cb12-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> element <span class="kw">in</span> stock:</span>
|
||
<span id="cb12-7"><a href="#cb12-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Nombre de"</span>, element[<span class="dv">0</span>], <span class="st">":"</span>, element[<span class="dv">1</span>])</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>Pour avoir à la fois l’indice (le numéro) de l’élément, et l’élément
|
||
:</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>planetes <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="st">"Mercure"</span>, <span class="st">"Vénus"</span>, <span class="st">"Terre"</span>, <span class="st">"Mars"</span>]</span>
|
||
<span id="cb13-2"><a href="#cb13-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> i <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="bu">len</span>(planetes)):</span>
|
||
<span id="cb13-3"><a href="#cb13-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"La planète numéro"</span>, i<span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="st">"se nomme"</span>, planetes[i])</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>On peut retirer un élément avec <code>pop</code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb14"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>planetes <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="st">"Lune"</span>, <span class="st">"Jupiter"</span>, <span class="st">"Saturne"</span>]</span>
|
||
<span id="cb14-2"><a href="#cb14-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Oups, la Lune n'est pas une planète.</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb14-3"><a href="#cb14-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Je retire"</span>, planetes.pop(<span class="dv">0</span>), <span class="st">"de la liste."</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>On peut agrandir une liste en répétant un élément un nombre donné de
|
||
fois :</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>zeros <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">0</span>] <span class="op">*</span> <span class="dv">1000</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">"Mille zéros !"</span>, zeros)</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h2 id="fonctions-mathématiques">Fonctions mathématiques</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>max(a, b)</code> : donne le plus grand nombre entre a et
|
||
b</li>
|
||
<li><code>min(a, b)</code> : donne le plus petit nombre entre a et
|
||
b</li>
|
||
<li><code>max(liste)</code> : donne la valeur maximum de la liste</li>
|
||
<li><code>min(liste)</code> : donne la valeur minimum de la liste</li>
|
||
<li><code>sum(liste)</code> : donne la somme de tous les éléments de la
|
||
liste</li>
|
||
<li><code>int(nombre)</code> : partie entière (enlève les chiffres après
|
||
la virgule)</li>
|
||
<li><code>round(nombre)</code> : arrondit au plus proche</li>
|
||
<li><code>abs(nombre)</code> : valeur absolue (distance à zéro)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Pour avoir des fonctions plus avancées, il faut importer le module
|
||
<code>math</code> au début du fichier :</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb16"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> math</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>math.pi</code> : 3.1415926…</li>
|
||
<li><code>math.sin(x)</code> : sinus</li>
|
||
<li><code>math.cos(x)</code> : cosinus</li>
|
||
<li><code>math.floor(x)</code> : arrondit à l’inférieur</li>
|
||
<li><code>math.ceil(x)</code> : arrondit au supérieur</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="aléatoire">Aléatoire</h2>
|
||
<p>Il faut importer le module <code>random</code> au début du fichier
|
||
:</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> random</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>random.random()</code> : nombre (à virgule) aléatoire entre 0
|
||
et 1</li>
|
||
<li><code>random.randint(100, 200)</code> : nombre (entier) aléatoire
|
||
entre 100 (inclus) et 200 (inclus)</li>
|
||
<li><code>random.choice(liste)</code> : choisit un élément au hasard
|
||
dans la liste</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="fonctions-anonymes">Fonctions anonymes</h2>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|